Numpy’s dot(), matmul(), multiply(), outer() functions and *, @ operators in python can all indicate mutiplication operations between matrices and are often easily-confused. Here I want to make a summary on their uses based on the offical documents and some examples.
The basic problem we study in probability:
Given a data generating process, what are the properties of the outcomes?
The basic problem of statistical inference is the inverse of probability:
Given the outcomes, what can we say about the process that generated the data?
The definition above concisely tells the difference between probability and statistics.
Here I’m going to summarize some common techniques for IO, especially for type conversion and spliting the string, which are usually the most annoying parts in IO.
